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In the heart of Lithuania, a Holocaust secret lies buried. Archaeologists probe the ruins of a Nazi death camp to find the truth behind tales of a tunnel dug by desperate Jewish prisoners, and their daring escape. Ⓢ
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: On 2 October 2006, a 32-year-old milk truck driver named Charles Roberts entered a one-room schoolhouse in the Amish community of Nickel Mines in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and shot 10 young girls, killing five, before committing suicide as police officers stormed the school. Just hours after the shooting, Amish community members visited the gunman's family to offer forgiveness. This film answers many questions about this insistently insular religious community.
It's long been known that German soldiers used a methamphetamine called Pervitin in the Second World War. But have tales of Nazis on speed obscured the other side of the story: the massive use of stimulants by Allied forces? Did total war unleash the world's first pharmacological arms race? Historian James Holland digs deeper to unearth the truth.
The First World War shaped the twentieth century. It sparked the Russian Revolution and launched America as a world power. The fault line from its failed peace settlement led to a second terrible conflict barely twenty years later. We live with its unresolved consequences; in the Middle East, the Balkans and Ireland. Part 1 of 10.
The first months of the war on the Western Front were mobile, fast and dangerous. Casualty rates were higher than with later trench warfare. The Germans were halted by the Allies at the Battle of the Marne, fell back to high ground and dug in. The Allies followed suit. The resulting line of trenches stretched from the Channel to Switzerland. Now 11 million French and Belgian civilians were under occupation. German brutality was no myth. Resistance was ruthlessly surpressed. Part 2 of 10.
War for Europe meant war for the world. The global conflict sucked in Africans, Chinese and Indians to serve in France. Meanwhile the war in Africa exploited its people and left behind a wasteland, but sowed the seeds of self-determination. Part 3 of 10.
The Ottoman Empire, Germany’s ally, summoned all Muslims to Jihad – holy war – to overthrow Allied power in the Middle East. Turkey’s search for scapegoats after defeat by the Russians at Sarakamish led to the mass deportation of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. Perhaps 800,000 Armenians died in all. The Allies initially thought Turkey – the 'sick man of Europe' – would be a push-over, but Turkey tied up Allied troops across the Middle East for four years. Part 4 of 10.
The war on the Eastern Front was racial; Slav verses Teuton. It was highly mobile, fought across brutal terrain from the Urais to the Alps. The Italian front with Austro-Hungary was perhaps the most bitter of all. Soldiers lived and fought for years in the harshest environments. Germany shored up her ally Austria-Hungary, feeling herself 'shackled to a corpse', while Austria-Hungary saw Germany as her 'secret enemy'. Part 5 of 10.
Exploring the many different concepts of family in the natural world: getting together, the raising of cubs and chicks and how family bonds can determine an animal’s fate. Part 5 of 12.